{"id":454,"date":"2014-12-19T19:29:43","date_gmt":"2014-12-19T19:29:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/halisiad.com\/?p=454"},"modified":"2017-11-27T21:02:59","modified_gmt":"2017-11-27T21:02:59","slug":"carpet-arts-on-ottoman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/carpet-arts-on-ottoman.html","title":{"rendered":"Carpet Art’s on Ottoman"},"content":{"rendered":"

Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n meydana getirdi\u011fi sanat, b\u00fct\u00fcn daha \u00f6nceki T\u00fcrk Sanatlar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin kayna\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar \u00fczerinde, yeniden ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir de\u011ferlendirilmesidir (Aslanapa, 1984:1s).<\/p>\n

HALI SANATI
\nBu devirde hayvan hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra geometrik dolgulu b\u00f6l\u00fcmler g\u00f6steren hal\u0131lar\u0131n da yap\u0131lmakta oldu\u011fu, tablolardaki hal\u0131 tasfirlerinden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlarda zemin karelere b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve her karenin i\u00e7i geometrik motiflerle dolgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar daha sonra Holbein ad\u0131 ile tan\u0131nan hal\u0131lar\u0131n ilk basamaklar\u0131 olarak kabul edilebilir.
\nTablolarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen az say\u0131da geometrik hal\u0131lar, 15.yy ortalar\u0131nda hayvan hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yerini almaya ba\u015flar ve y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda hayvan hal\u0131lar\u0131 tamamen kaybolarak geometrik motifli hal\u0131lar hakim olur (Aslanapa, 1987:61s).<\/p>\n

Sanat tarih\u00e7ilerinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131, bize \u00e7ok az numunesi intikal etmi\u015f olan en eski hal\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda, hal\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak tayinde ve hal\u0131lar\u0131 tasnifte, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck, onlar\u0131 bu hal\u0131larla Avrupal\u0131 ressamlar\u0131n yeniden resimlerini yapmaktan zevk duyduklar\u0131 hal\u0131 resimlerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaya sevketmi\u015ftir. Holbein, Bellini, Lotto hal\u0131lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin seriler, i\u015fte bu \u015fekilde tesis edildi. En yeni hal\u0131lara ili\u015fkin isimler, im\u00e2lathaneden \u00e7ok ticaret merkezlerinin isimlerinden olu\u015fmaktard\u0131r; \u201cKura\u201d, \u201cLadik\u201d, \u201cBergama\u201d hal\u0131lar\u0131 gibi. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, \u201cHolbein\u201dlar\u0131n gelene\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren ve hen\u00fcz im\u00e2lathaneleri yok olmam\u0131\u015f olan hal\u0131lar (Bergama), ekseriyetle, canl\u0131 renklerdir (Milas) ve nak\u0131\u015f\u0131 mihr\u00e2b \u015feklindedir; o y\u00fczden, bunlara, \u00fczerinde secde edilen hal\u0131 man\u00e2s\u0131nda, secc\u00e2de denir.<\/p>\n

En me\u015fhurlar\u0131ndan, nak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 soyut olan, renkleri mahdut olan \u201cHolbein\u201d hal\u0131s\u0131, sekizgen yuvarlaklardan dengeli ve d\u00fcz \u00e7izginin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu bir kompozisyon yaratan son derece grifit s\u00fcslerden m\u00fcte\u015fekkildir (Roux, 1992:901s.)<\/p>\n

\"hali2\"Teknik \u00f6zellikleri, motiflerin s\u0131ralan\u0131\u015f\u0131, Holbein hal\u0131lar\u0131 denilen grubun, U\u015fak b\u00f6lgesine ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z tipindekine benzer hal\u0131lar, tamamen y\u00fcn malzemeden ve G\u00f6rdes d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc (T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc) ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak geometrik motiflerin yerini bitkisel motifler ve bilhassa bu grup hal\u0131lar i\u00e7in karakteristik olan madalyon alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Madalyon \u015fekli T\u00fcrk hal\u0131lar\u0131nda ilk defa 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hal\u0131n\u0131n tam ortas\u0131 iri bir madalyonla belirtilmi\u015f, k\u00f6\u015feler bord\u00fcrle kesilmi\u015f \u00e7eyrek madalyonlarla de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Madalyonlar\u0131n i\u00e7i ve hal\u0131n\u0131n zemini bitkisel s\u00fcslemeler ve insan\u0131 hayvan fig\u00fcrl\u00fc kompozisyonlarla doldurulmu\u015ftur. Bu motifler ayn\u0131 devir minyat\u00fcrlerinde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Hal\u0131lara \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil eden kartonlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlayanlar, minyat\u00fcrler yapan sanatk\u00e2rlard\u0131. \u00d6rnekler minyat\u00fcr sanat\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015fekillenmi\u015flerdir (Yetkin, 1991:87s).<\/p>\n

Holbein hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n III. ve IV. tiplerinden geli\u015fen Bergama hal\u0131lar\u0131nda geometrik desenler ve kuvvetle \u00fcsluplanarak geometrik \u015femaya uydurulmu\u015f bitki motifleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli tiplerinden biri, hal\u0131 zeminin enine dolduran iki veya \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fit karenin \u00fcst \u00fcste s\u0131ralanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Karelerin ortas\u0131na sekizgenler, bazen alt\u0131gen yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, k\u00f6\u015feler \u00fc\u00e7genlerle doldurulmu\u015ftur. Di\u011fer bir tip, ortadaki esas motfi olan sekizgenin etraf\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sekizgenlerin grupla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Geometrik motifler yan\u0131nda, kuvvetle \u00fcsluplanm\u0131\u015f bitki motifleri de geometrik d\u00fczene uymakla beraber bord\u00fcrlerde ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonraki hal\u0131larda nat\u00fcralist \u00e7i\u00e7ek ve yaprak motifleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. 18. yy \u00f6rneklerinde dolgu motifi olarak tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hayvan fig\u00fcrleri Bergama hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Hayvan hal\u0131lar\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belli eder (Aslanapa, 1987:134s).<\/p>\n

\"osmanli_sanati\"<\/p>\n

16. y\u00fczy\u0131l, T\u00fcrk hal\u0131 sanat\u0131n\u0131n en parlak devri olarak kabul edilmeye l\u00e2y\u0131k bir zenginle\u015fme g\u00f6stermektedir. 1514\u2019te Tebriz\u2019in ve 1517\u2019de Kahire\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndana al\u0131nmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk hal\u0131 sanat\u0131nda yeni bir teknik ve desen anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yeni anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi hal\u0131lar, Osmanl\u0131 saray hal\u0131lar\u0131 ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk sanat\u0131nda birbirine ba\u011flanan hal\u0131 tipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan tek grup olmalar\u0131yla dikkati \u00e7ekerler. Bu hal\u0131lar, bir geli\u015fme sonucunda de\u011fil, birden ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ran hal\u0131 sanat\u0131ndan ilham al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f sivri k\u0131vr\u0131k han\u00e7er yapraklar\u0131, palmet \u015fekilleri ve madalyonlar tipik bir T\u00fcrk \u00fcsl\u00fbbunda nat\u00fcralist l\u00e2le, s\u00fcmb\u00fcl, karanfil \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri ile birle\u015ftirilerek yeni bir hal\u0131 deseni d\u00fcnyas\u0131 yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ran hal\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n zemin dolgusu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen k\u0131vr\u0131k dal sistemi, Osmanl\u0131 saray hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n zemininde daha gev\u015fek halde esas \u00f6rnek olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Araya kat\u0131lan bahar \u00e7i\u00e7ekli tabiattakine \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir naturalizmle verilerek \u00f6rne\u011fi zenginle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 saray nakka\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n 16. yy boyunca geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00fcsluplar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 saray hal\u0131lar\u0131nda en olgun \u015fekilde birle\u015ferek, saray hal\u0131s\u0131 sanat\u0131ndaki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 saray hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de, \u0130ran hal\u0131lar\u0131na has madalyon d\u00fczeninin tamamen T\u00fcrk hal\u0131lar\u0131na has bir \u015fekilde uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ran hal\u0131lar\u0131nda esas motif olan madalyon, Osmanl\u0131 saray hal\u0131lar\u0131nda ikinci derecede bir motif olmu\u015ftur. Esas \u00f6rnek zeminin s\u00fcslenmesidir. Madalyon kald\u0131r\u0131lsa bile zemin \u00f6rne\u011fi de\u011ferinden kaybetmez. Sanatk\u00e2rlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7izilen ve T\u00fcrk \u00c7i\u00e7e\u011fi ad\u0131 verilen l\u00e2le, s\u00fcmb\u00fcl, karanfil ve g\u00fcl\u00fcn verili\u015findeki naturalizm ile tabiattan uzak palmet ve rozetlerle birle\u015ftirilerek, madalyonun da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla meydana getirlien desen zenginli\u011fi ve kompozisyon sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 saray \u00fcsl\u00fbbundaki y\u00fcksk sanat duyu\u015funu kuvvetle ifade etmektedir. \u00c7ok zarif ve ince olan bu desenlerin yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in \u0130ran d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc tekni\u011fi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 saray hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n renklerinde tatl\u0131 bir kr\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, s\u0131cak bir sar\u0131, koyu mavi ve \u00e7imen rengi ye\u015fili kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, bu renkler Meml\u00fbk hal\u0131lar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lan renklerdir. Osmanl\u0131 hal\u0131lar\u0131 ipek gibi yumu\u015fak bir y\u00fcnden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bursa\u2019da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen hal\u0131larda ise malzeme fark\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00f6zg\u00fc ve atk\u0131lar ipekten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yetkin, 1991:116s).
\nSaray hal\u0131lar\u0131 masa \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc olarak da kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, buna uygun yuvarlak veya ha\u00e7vari bi\u00e7imlerde yap\u0131lanlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Avrupa saraylar\u0131na hediye olarak g\u00f6nderilen bu hal\u0131lardan memleketimizde \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrk ve \u0130sl\u00e2m Eserleri M\u00fczesi\u2019nde biri harap halde iki b\u00fcy\u00fck hal\u0131 ile, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir seccade, Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131\u2019nda da b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e bir seccadeden ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk ve \u0130sl\u00e2m Eserleri M\u00fczesi\u2019ndeki b\u00fcy\u00fck hal\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 zeminli olup, \u00f6rnekler beyaz renkli, iri \u00e7ift r\u00fbm\u00eelerin meydana getirdi\u011fi d\u00f6rt kollu motiflerin zemin rengi koyu mavi ve ye\u015fil olarak de\u011fi\u015fik ek seriler \u00fczerinde sonsuz s\u0131ralanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bunlar\u0131n d\u00f6rt taraf\u0131ndaki palmetler birbirine ba\u011flanarak sa\u011flam bir baklava \u015femas\u0131 meydana getiriyor (Aslanapa, 1987:141s).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n meydana getirdi\u011fi sanat, b\u00fct\u00fcn daha \u00f6nceki T\u00fcrk Sanatlar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin kayna\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar \u00fczerinde, yeniden ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir de\u011ferlendirilmesidir (Aslanapa, 1984:1s). HALI SANATI Bu devirde hayvan hal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra geometrik dolgulu b\u00f6l\u00fcmler […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":215,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-454","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actual"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hali1.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/454","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=454"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/454\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":455,"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/454\/revisions\/455"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/215"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=454"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=454"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/halisiad.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=454"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}